常温养护型超高性能混凝土的圆环约束收缩性能

研究了HCSA膨胀剂3种掺量(0%、3%、6%)下常温养护型超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete,UHPC)的圆环约束收缩性能,包括:(1)UHPC轴拉应力应变曲线测试;(2)根据GB/T50082的UHPC自由收缩实验;(3)根据ASTM C1581的UHPC圆环约束实验。结果表明,3种UHPC的极限拉伸应变均高于3 000με,28d总收缩值分别为1 005.6με、600.0με、462.2με,并且在圆环约束作用下转化为残余应变、弹性拉应变和塑性拉应变,其中塑性拉应变分别为700.4με、437.9με、389.9με。3种UHPC在拉伸应变达到1 000με时及圆环约束实验中均未发现0.01mm以上的可检测裂缝。基于拉伸实验和声发射损伤分析方法对UHPC进行应变分析,可知具有应变强化段的3种UHPC在圆环约束实验中的塑性变形以小于0.01mm的多点分布微裂纹形式存在。通过添加HCSA膨胀剂对常温养护型UHPC进行收缩补偿,可有效地降低UHPC自身的拉应力以及对原有结构的影响。     

浇注式沥青混凝土现状与发展

为进一步确定浇注式沥青混凝土科学合理的性能评价指标及要求,全面梳理了国内外浇注式沥青混凝土相关规范,对比评价了不同规范中的技术指标要求及级配范围,系统地调查了大量实体工程及研究动态,厘定了浇注式沥青混凝土钢桥面铺装结构层组合、原材料类型和技术指标要求及级配类型,为浇注式沥青混凝土规范完善与质量控制奠定了基础.结果表明:推荐钢桥面铺装结构层组合为30~35 mm GA-10+35~40 mm SMA-10,GA基础沥青为SBS改性沥青+TLA(15%~30%),采用2%降粘剂;推荐性能评价指标要求范围为油石比7.9%~8.5%、流动度10~17 s、贯入度1.4~2.5 mm、贯入度增量不超过0.25 mm、弯拉应变不小于7 000με、动稳定度不小于1 000次/mm(参考指标);疲劳性能试验以控制应变模式进行,结果以实测为准.     

蒸养温度效应及其对水泥基材料热伤损的影响＊

采用温度传感器测试了水泥基材料在标养和蒸养条件下温度的变化,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)及压汞(MIP)等方法,研究了水化产物和微结构的变化。结果表明,蒸养中试件表层首先开始升温,升温结束时表层温度比内部高约30℃;随后内部升温超过表层,恒温3h,内部温度比表层高约25℃。蒸养温度效应对水化产物的生成未产生较显著的影响,但对表层孔结构和微观形貌影响显著。蒸养结束时,试件表层的总孔隙率以及大于200nm的有害孔比例分别是内部的1.22倍和10.3倍;继续标养至28d时有效降低了总孔隙率,但大于200nm的有害孔比例仍为标养试件的1.6倍。     

主动围压下岩石爆炸动态响应数值模拟

针对深部岩石在爆破作用下的失效机理和破坏过程,基于ANSYS/LSDYNA软件,在水平方向和竖直方向进行围压约束来模拟岩石受到的地应力作用。选取单向围压、等值双向围压和非等值双向围压对中心孔爆破下岩石动态响应进行研究。将数值模拟结果与模型实验结果对比,分析爆炸应力波的传播过程,并讨论了不同围压约束对爆炸后裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,初始围压作用对爆炸应力波的传播影响较小;初始围压会抑制爆破裂纹扩张;竖直方向围压主要抑制水平方向裂纹扩张,水平方向围压主要抑制竖直方向裂纹扩张。     

Evaluation of rutting potential for asphalt concrete mixes containing copper slag

Copper slag (CS) is a by-product of the copper extraction process, which can be used as coarse and/or fine aggregate in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. This study used CS as a replacement of the fine aggregate with a percentage of up to 40% by total aggregate weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CS on the rutting potential of the asphalt concrete mix using two methods. One method is based on the Dynamic modulus |E*| testing result. Actual pavement temperature data from a test section were used with the developed |E*| master curves. EverStressFE finite element program was used to perform a linear elastic load-deformation analysis for a pavement section and to determine the vertical resilient strain in a 40-mm HMA surface layer. The M-E PDG permanent deformation model was used with and Excel Visual Basic for Applications code to predict the accumulated rutting for different CS mixes for 10 million ESALs. The other method used the data from the flow number (FN) test. Based on the |E*| approach, the results indicated that adding 5% CS in the mix increased the predicted rutting from 0.59 to 0.98 mm at 10 million ESALs (increase by 68%). When 40% CS was used, rutting increased by more than 700% compared with the control mix. After analysing the FN results with the Francken model, the results indicated a decrease in FN as CS content is increased, indicating higher rutting potential. The decrease in FN ranged from 9% for 5% CS to 95% for 40% CS. The mixes containing up to 10% CS satisfied the minimum FN criteria for rutting. A calibration process for the M-E PDG distress prediction models that allows the use of waste and by-product materials such as CS should be considered in the future.     

Uniting Strength and Toughness of Al Matrix Composites with Coordinated Al3Ni and Al3Ti Reinforcements

Hybrid aluminum composites are fabricated in a novel manner to characteristically induce a layer‐wise aligned distribution of micro‐scale Al₃Ni and Al₃Ti intermetallic particles that are formed in situ within a ductile Al matrix. The simple and unique Rolling of Randomly Orientated Layer‐wise Materials (RROLM) manufacturing methodology enables microstructural tailoring of the intermetallic reinforcing particles to prescribe enhanced crack tip deflection caused by the complex interaction of local veins of reinforcement particles, in an effort to overshadow the classical loss of toughness in large‐particle reinforced composites. The complimentary reinforcements and their interface with the Al matrix are revealed to have a gradual transition zone that functions to maintain critical cohesion with the particles and the matrix, empowering the superior load transfer capability of the particles, and reducing microvoid penetration into the matrix. In situ three‐point bending observations combined with a local strain field analysis, demonstrate the distinctive crack deflection mechanisms exhibit by the composite. Deviating from the norm, this specialized particle reinforced composite exhibited both strengthening and toughening mechanisms simultaneously, over control samples. The investigated design strategy and model material will assist materials development toward light‐weight, stronger, and tougher particle reinforced Al matrix composites.     

Effects of microstructure on fatigue crack propagation behavior in a bi-modal TC11 titanium alloy fabricated via laser additive manufacturing

In this study, the crack propagation behaviors in the equiaxed and equiaxed-columnar grain regions of a heat-treated laser additive manufacturing (LAM) TC11 alloy with a special bi-modal microstructure are investigated. The results indicate that the alloy presents a special bi-modal microstructure that comprises a fork-like primary α (α_p) phase surrounded by a secondary α colony (α_s) in the β phase matrix after the heat treatment is completed. The samples demonstrate a fast crack growth rate with larger da/dN values through the equiaxed grain sample versus across the equiaxed-columnar grain sample at low ΔK values (<13.8). The differences that are observed between the crack propagation behaviors (in the crack initiation stage) of the samples can be mostly attributed to the different size and morphology of the α_p lamellae and α_s colony within the grains in the equiaxed and columnar grain regions rather than the grain boundaries. The cracks prefer to grow along the α/β boundary with a smooth propagation route and a fast propagation rate in the equiaxed grain region, where the α_p and α clusters have a large size. However, in the columnar grain region, small and randomly distributed α_p lamellae generate a zigzag-shaped propagation path with a reduction in the da/dN value. Additionally, the change in the size of the α_p lamellae in the equiaxed grains (heat affected bands, HAB) is also observed to influence the propagation behavior of the crack during the crack initiation stage.     

混凝土分层缺陷的超声检测方法研究

为解决混凝土结构中分层缺陷的在线非接触检测难题,论文提出了利用空气耦合(简称:空耦)超声导波定量检测混凝土结构中分层缺陷的新方法。首先研究了空耦超声导波在混凝土结构中的传播特性,理论分析和实验表明,利用空耦超声波以入射角8.7°入射厚度为50 mm的混凝土板时,可以激发以A0模态为主的导波。然后构建了空耦超声导波扫查实验系统,在混凝土结构单侧利用一对倾斜8.7°的空耦探头激励和接收导波信号,通过分析发现A0模态对分层缺陷敏感,且其幅度与扫查路径中的分层缺陷尺寸存在单调变化关系;在此基础上,对检测区域进行扫查,利用不同位置处的导波信号幅度实现分层缺陷的二维成像。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以避免耦合剂对检测结果的影响,同时可实现对服役状态下混凝土结构中分层位置及尺寸的定量检测。     

不同因素影响下混凝土立柱爆破效果的模型试验研究

钢筋混凝土建（构）筑物爆破拆除过程中,混凝土立柱最终的破碎效果不仅与炸药单耗、孔网参数等有关,还与立柱的受力状态有关。为研究截面应力和单位面积炸药量对不同强度混凝土立柱破碎效果的影响,利用自主研制的力学试验系统进行了15组爆破试验,从碎块筛分和分形维数两方面分析爆破效果。结果表明:对于相同强度的试件,截面应力一定时,随着单位面积炸药量的增加,分形维数整体上不断递增;但单位面积炸药量超过0.18 kg/m²后,增势有所放缓,截面应力为2 MPa和4 MPa的立柱趋势变化最为明显。单位面积炸药量一定时,随着截面应力的增加,碎块分形维数不断增大,当单位面积炸药量小于0.15 kg/m²时,0~2 MPa之间的截面应力增加会对分形维数有一定的抑制作用;当单位面积炸药量大于0.15 kg/m²时,截面应力的增加对分形维数起到促进作用。可为拆除爆破中的参数设计及优化提供理论依据,达到了控制爆破危害、改善爆破效果的目的。     

Characterization of Cementitious Materials Exposed to Freezing and Thawing in Combination with Deicing Salts Using 3D Scans

Surface deterioration of concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in combination with deicing salts is one of the most important factors determining the durability of concrete infrastructure in cold climates. The freeze–thaw deicing salt (FTDS) resistance of cementitious materials can be determined by the capillary suction of de-icing chemicals and freeze–thaw (CDF) test. Specimens are subjected to repeated freeze–thaw cycles with simultaneous addition of deicing salt and the amount of material scaled off near the surface is determined. For concretes with adequate FTDS resistance, this test method works very well. However, specimens with unknown performance often experience increased edge scaling. This leads to a falsification of results and consequently to an underestimation of the actual freeze–thaw resistance. In materials research, however, concretes with high levels of surface deterioration are studied in order to investigate various factors of influence on the freeze–thaw resistance of concretes in a targeted manner. This article presents a novel methodology that delivers new information regarding surface deterioration of CDF samples using high-resolution 3D scan data. Change of volume is used to support deterioration results of the standard CDF methodology. Increase of surface area is used to estimate change in roughness of samples.